Kind Of Texts By Fahri Ndablek

1.    Narrative text

Social function: To amuse, entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious, experience indifferent ways: Narrative deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn find a resolution.

Types of Narratives:

There are many types of narrative. They can be imaginary, factual or a combination of both. The mat include fairy tales, mysteries, science, fiction, romance, horror stories, adventure stories, fables, myth and legends, historical narrative, ballads, and personal experiences.

Generic structure:

·         Orientation           : Introduce the participant and setting of the narrative

·         Evaluation            : A flash back to evaluate the serious/difficult condition

·         Complication       : A crisis or problem arises

·         Resolution            : The crisis or problem is solved, for better or worse

·         Re-orientation      : Optional.

Significant features:

·         Focus on specific and usually individualized participant

·         Use of material processes

·         Use of temporal conjunctions and temporal circumstance

·         Use of Past tense

Example :

SNOW WHITE

 

A long time ago, a child was born to a queen and king and she was called Snow white. When the queen died, the king remarried. This new queen was wicked and hated Snow white The queen gave orders that Snow white was to be treated as a servant. Snow white grew to be a very beautiful girl, One day a prince who was riding by saw her at work and immediately fell in love with her.

The queen was beautiful too, and every day she asked her Magic mirror, Who is the fairest in the land?´ and the mirror answered,´ You are the fairest one of all´. One day the mirror answered that Snow White was the fairest in the land. In a rage the queen gave orders to one of her huntsmen to take Snow White into the woods and kill her. But the huntsman had a kind heart and couldn’t carry out the order. So he told Snow White to run away.

She fled into the woods where the seven Dwarfs lived. Their house was small and strange. Snow White entered the little house and found it very untidy. She started to clean it up. Upstairs she found seven title beds. Felling very tired she stretched out on one of the beds, and soon fell asleep. When the Dwarfs came home they were surprised to find Snow White and after some arguments, they decided to let her stay. She promised cook and look after them. The queen discovered where Snow White was living and disguising herself as a witch. 

She took a poisoned apple and set out for the Dwarfs cottage. She gave Snow white the poisoned apple. Snow white ate it and as soon as she bit into the apple, she sank into unconsciousness. Thinking she was dead. The Dwarfs built a glass coffin and put her in it. For days she lay in the forest in her glass coffin. One day, the prince who was riding through the forest looking for Snow white found her. He leaned over and kissed her. She opened her eyes and sat up with a smile. Everyone was happy. The prince took Snow white to his palace where they were married and lived happily ever after.

 

2.        Description text

Social function: To describe a particular person, animal, place or thing.

Generic structure:

·                  Identification       : Identifies phenomena to be describe

·                  Description           : Describe parts, qualities, and characteristics.

Significant features:

·         Focus on specific participants

·         Use of attributive and identifying processes

·         Frequent use of adjectives and classifies in nominal groups

·         Use of simple present tensed.

Example of thing description :

Tornado

Tornado is violently rotating column of air extending from within a thunder cloud down toground level.The strongest tornadoes may sweep houses from their foundations, destroy brick buildings,toss cars and scholl buses through the air, and even lift railroad cars from from their tracks.Tornadoes vary in diameter from tens of metres to nesrly 2 km (1 mile), with an average diametreof about 50 m (160 ft). (Source: Ganeca/progress for senior high school/grade X)

Example of person description :

Vannesa-mae

Vanessa-mae is a famous musician. She is 16 years old, but she is a world famous violinist. Went she plays classical violin concerts on her electric violin, the world listens. Vannesa-mae is Thai-Chinese. Her mother is Chinese and here natural father is Thai. She from Singapore but she lives in London now. (Source: notes debie in class X)

Example of animal description :

My Bomb

Bomby is my play full black cat.This cat is always play full. It likes playing with anything it sometimes plays with me. It likes playing with a ball very much. It is very clever. Sometimes it is very naughty. My bomby is small but fast. Bomby has along tail its eyes are round. It looks cute. It is alwaysnear me. (Source: notes debie in class X)

Example of place description :

My Darussholah

Darussolah is my high school. The darussolah is new senior high school in singojuruh. This school has some facilities, distance computer room, library room, science room and twelve class. My darussholah is not large, but ambience very-very cool and gratify.

(Source: notes debie in class X)

 

3. News item

Social function: To inform reader, listeners or viewer about events of the day which are considered news worthy or important.

Generic Structure :

·         News worthy event            :  Recounts the event in summary form.

·         Background event              :  Elaborate what happened, to whom in what circumstances.

·         Sources                                  :  Comments by participants in, witness, to and authorities expert on the event.

Language features:

·                  Short, telegraphic information about story captured in head line

·                  Use of material processes in source stage such as (said, told, etc)

·         Focus on circumstanced.

Example  Of News Item Text:

Separatist Protest SBY Visit To New Zeland.

  

Indonesian President, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono began his two days visit on Wednesday to New Zeland aimed at boosting trade and regional security, amid two separatist protest against Indonesia that marred his arrive During their talks, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.

Prime Mister Helen Clark agreed to improve bilateral cooperation in economic issue, trade and combating transnational crimes³The meeting with the president was very constructive, with a number of outcomes. We would like to focus our relationship more on economic and trade issue as well as on transnational crimes,´ Clark said at joint news conference with Susilo.

In the economic sector, Clark said New Zealand and Indonesia agreed to seriously follow up the existing joint Trade and Economic Commission to formulate effective and practical ways to boost trade activities. Although geographically Indonesia is located near New Zealand, trade and economic activities between the country were fairly insignificant, with Indonesia ranked only 16^th in lat year’s list of  New Zaland’s largest partners even smaller than Malaysia, which ranked 12th . Indonesia Minister of Foreign Affairs Hassan Wirajuda said the commission was scheduled to meet in November to lay the ground for more serious trade and economic talks.

(Source: Ganeca/progress for senior high school/grade X)

4. Recount Text

Social Function: To retell events for the purpose of informing or inter training.

 Generic structure:

·         Orientation           :  Provides the setting and introduce the participants.

·         Events                   :  Tell what happened.

·         Re-orientation      : Optional. Closure of events.

Language feature:

·                  Focus on specific participant.

·                  Focus on temporal sequence.

·                  Use of material processes.

·         Use of past tense.

Example :

LOMBOK VILLAGE

Welcome to our village! The hospitality of a traditional Lombok Village. The attraction of a modern beach resort. Seven hectares of a lush tropical garden along an endless stretch of beautiful beach. With all the attraction of a modern resort and the ambiance of traditional villages, Lombok village welcome you to share and joy this beautiful island.

Accommodation including: 2 restaurants with a local and international delicacies, sea, slide dining, 2 bars and lounges, swimming pool, tennis court, diving school , traditional aromatherapy massage, tourist info center. (Source: Ganeca/progress for senior high school/grade X)

5. Procedure Text

Social function: To describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of actions or steps.

 Generic Structure:

·         Goal.

·         Materials.

·          Series of steps oriented to achieving the goal.

Language Features:

·                  Focus on generalized human agents.

·         Often imperative.

·                  Temporal conjunction.

·                  Numbering to indicate sequence.

·                  Use mainly of material processes.

·                  Use of simple present tensed.

Example:

How To Make Newspaper.

 

Newspaper is one of mass media. To make newspaper there must be events, journalist, editors, managers, paper, machines, and so on. Here is the process of making newspaper:

1.      There are some important and attractive events.

2.      The journalist finds those events.

3.      The journalist writes articles about the events they get.

4.      The journalist sends the articles to the editors.

5.      The editors edit the articles.

6.      The manager determines which articles are accepted or rejected.

7.      The edited articles are printed on a piece of paper called newspaper.

8.      Finally, the newspaper are ready to be delivered to all parts of the country.

(Source: Ganeca/progress for senior high school/grade X)

6. Report Text.

Social function: To describe the way are with reference to a range of natural, man made and social phenomena in our environment.

Generic structure:

·                  General classification: Describes the phenomenon in general.

·                  Description: Describes the phenomenon in detail in terms of (part, qualities, habits or behaviors)

Language Features:

·                  Focus on generic participants.

·                  Use of relational processes to state what is and that which it is.

·                  No temporal sequence.

·                  Use of simple present tensed.

Example:

“Tingkeban”

Tingkeban is traditional ceremony held for woman pregnancy has reached seven months. In West Java, and especially in the town of Garut and its surrounding area, Tingkeban is traditionally observed by most families for the shake of baby’s welfare. Relatives, friends, and neighbors are invited to witness this festivity, which demand a lot of preparation. The number seven plays an important role in the Tingkeban ceremony.

An important part of the preparation for Tingkeban is the collection of a variety of items- seven kinds of each item serving a specific purpose. Seven different kinds of root, such as sweet potatoes, and cassava, seven kinds of fruits to enable the solution to problem in the child’s future, seven diverse fragrant flowers, seven kinds of lights snacks, seven kinds of fruits make Rujak, seven pieces of batik cloth, seven varieties of earth, and seven oil lamps of different shapes to brighten the child’s life so that it is free from complication. The guests are then invited to enjoy the special food prepared by the host family.

Meanwhile, the mother to-be goes through the bathing ceremony. Clad in a batik cloth, she is ladled with sweet scented water from a tub in which the eel is put. Relatives take turn bathing the mother to-be, changing her batik clothes as many as seven times. After the bathing ceremony, the mother to-be sells Rujak outside the house, and the consumers, who are the relatives and neighbor?

Pay with chips of rounded clay tiles. The purposes is for the child to earn a lot of money, with the blessing of good. The Rujak fiesta marks the end of the Tingkeban ceremony. Everybody has a good time ! may all good wishes be fulfilled. (Source: panduan belajar kelas XI)

7. Analytical Exposition

Social function: To persuade the readers or listeners that something is the case.

Generic Structure:

·                  Thesis:

Position                                :  Introduces topic and indicates writers position

Preview                :  Outlines the main arguments to be presented.

·         Arguments:.

Point                     :  Restates main arguments outlined in preview

 Elaboration         :  Develops and support each point/argument.

 Re-iteration         :  Restate writer position.

 Language Features:

·                  Emotive words such as: alarmed, worried.

·                  Words that quality statement, such as: usual, probably.

·                  Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.

·                  Compound and complex sentences.

·                  Usually in present tense.

Example :

Nuclear Power.

There are three separate sources of hazard in the process of supplying energy by nuclear power. The radioactive must travel from its place of manufacture to the power station. Although the power station themselves are solidly, built, the container used for the transport of the materials are not. There are normally only two methods of transport available, namely road or rail. Unfortunately, both of these involve close contact with the general public, since the routes are sure to pass near, or even through, heavily populated areas. Next, there is the problem of waste.

All nuclear power station produce wastes that in the most cases will remain radioactive for thousand of years. It is impossible to make these wastes non radioactive, and so they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have invented. For example, they may be buried under the ground, or dropped into abandoned mines, or sunk the sea. However, these methods do not solve the problem, since an earthquake could easily crack the containers open. Finally, there is the problem of accidental exposure due to a leak or an explosion at the power station.

As with the other two hazards, this is not very likely, so that it does not provide a serious objection to the nuclear program. Nevertheless, it can happen. Separately, these three types of risk are not great cause for concern. On the whole through, the probability or disaster is still high. (Source: panduan belajar kelas XI)

8. Hortatory Exposition.

Social function: To persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be the case.

Generic Structure:

·                  Thesis: Announcement of issue concern.

·                  Arguments: Reasons for concern leading to recommendation.

·                  Re-commendation: statement of what ought or ought not to happen.

 Language Features:

·                  Emotive word such as: alarmed, worried.

·                  Words that quality statement, such as: usual, probably.

·                  Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, there fore.

·                  Compound and complex sentence.

·                  Subjective using pronouns: I and We.

·                  Usually present tense.

 Example :

Crime In Cities.

Crime is a serious problem in big cities and it is getting worse every year. This is what police departments around the country said in their reports last week. The subways are more dangerous. The streets are more dangerous. You may not even be safe in your own home. Why is the problem so serious now? This is not an easy question to answer. There may not be a single answer. Many problems seem to make cities so dangerous. One of the problems is money. To fight crime a city needs police officers, cars and guns. These cost a lot of money. But right now cities do not have much extra money.

So, there are not enough police officers, cars and gins for the cities. Another problem is drugs. Crime studies show that many criminals use and sell drugs. After they start taking drugs, they want to have more. However, drugs are very expensive. So, these people may sell drugs to other people to make money or they may steal money to get more drugs. It is not going to be easy to change these crime problems. We must first change many of the laws about drugs. We must change the way cities spend their money. Until then, the crime problem will not go away and we will live our live in fear. (Source: panduan belajar kelas XI)

9. Spoof  Text.

Social function: To retell an event with a humorous twist.

 Generic Structure:

·                   Orientation          : Which set the scene.

·                   Event                    : Which tell what happened.

·          Twist  : Which provides the fun line

 Language Feature:

·                  Focus on individual participant.

·                  Use of material processes, such as: kick, walk, open.

·                  Circumstance of time and place, such as: once, the next day, in a park.

·                  Use of past tense.

 Example :

“Child”

Children often have far more senses than their elders. This simple truth was demon started rather dramatically during a civil exercise in small town in Canada. Air-raid warnings were sounded and thousand of people went into special air-raid shelters. Doctors and nurses remained above ground while police patrolled the streets in case anyone tried to leave the shelters too soon. The police stayed underground for twenty minutes and waited for the siren to sound again.

Leaving the air-raid shelters, they saw that doctors and nurses were busy. Theoretical make-up and artificial blood had been used to make the injuries look real. A lot of people were lying dead in the streets. A child of six was brought in by two adults. The child was supposed to be dead. With theoretical make-up on his face, he looked as if he had died of shock. Some people were so moved by the sight that they began to cry. However, the child suddenly sat up and a doctor asked him to comment on his death. The child looked around for a moment and said, I think they are all crazy´. (Source: panduan belajar kelas XI)